Overview of environments

I will now present a categorization and characterization of the four overall environments within which the film machines operate. These environments contain different types of film machines, but generally the classification is based on the kind of cinematic signal they can produce, process, present and/or transform.

Since most works are often produced by a combination of multiple film machines (eg. camera, optical printer, CGI program and projector), one must be aware of the position of the film machine in the circuit of each work. Among these circuits one can distinguish between three types of machine functions, once the film machines' inputs and outputs have been identified. A source is a film machine whose input is not another film machines - e.g. a camera that captures reality, or a video synthesizer that creates images using a wave generator. A processor is a film machine that does not create or display the image itself, and therefore requires other film machines for input and output - e.g. an optical printer, a video mixer, or a digital editor. Finally, a display is a film machine whose output goes directly to the viewer - e.g. the end of a kaleidoscope, projector or TV.

Across these three types, we have four main environments which are:

• The optomechanical, where the signal is the light itself, and the film work can be both stored and integrated into the film machine's mechanics
• The plastic-mechanical, where the signal is a plastic series of frames (e.g. photo-chemical film stored on a transparent emulsion strip or a Zoetrope animation stored on paper) and displayed through intermittent shutter systems.
• The electronic, where the signal is a series of continuously alternating voltages, which for example can be stored on magnetic VHS tapes or transmitted via antenna or cable connection displayed on a CRT display
• The digital, where the signal is a binary code stored on a hard drive and displayed on a digital screen

Needless to say, this division has overlaps, hybrids and boundary cases. For example, video signal monitors that are actually analog, but often used for digital computers.

Below, I have compiled some tables that summarize (1) a breakdown of film machines based on their environment and function, and (2) a chart of the environments where I have grouped the features that are roughly comparable. More tables are coming!

Skematisering af filmmaskiner ift. miljøer og maskine-typer

	Storage-medie	Display	Processor	Kilde
Optomekanisk	Flip books*	Color organs* Flip books* Mutoskop Zoetrope Teleidoskop*	Teleidoskop	Color organs*
Kemisk-mekanisk	Emulsions-filmstrimmel	Projektor/lærred Moviola	Mørkekammer (Fremkaldelse) Klippebord Optisk printer	Film-kamera
Elektro-magnetisk	VHS-bånd Betamax Hi8-kasette Laserdisk(?)	Analog TV (billedrør) Video-projektor	Video-processor Scan-modulator Scanimate	Video-kamera Video-synthesizer
Digital	DVD Blu-Ray Harddisk Server	Digital TV Digital projektor Computerskærm Tablet	Film-redigerings-software Billedredigerings-software Enns algoritmer	Digital-kamera 3D-program VJ-app

Sammenligning af miljøernes særtræk

	Optomekanisk	Kemisk-mekanisk	Elektronisk	Digital
Signal	Lys	(Foto)kemisk billed-serie	Elektrisk spænding	Binær kode
Storage	Integreret i mekanisme / lagret på papir, glas mv.	Emulsionsfilm (strimmel)	Magnetisk bånd (og transmission via antenne og kabel)	Fil på harddrive
Sampling	Ingen (kontinuerlig)	Succession i frame	Raster scan	Quantified pixels
Diskret mindstedel	Lyspartikel	Frame	Scanline	Pixel
Komprimering	%	Motion blur	Interlace	Compression
Praksis-tid	Øjeblikkelig	Fremkaldelse mv. (langvarig)	Instant (reelt øjeblikkelig)	Rendering (i dag: Hurtig)
Lovmæssighed	Optiske operationer	Plastiske operationer	Elektriske operationer	Logiske operationer (programmer)

Den nye underinddeling af miljøerne: Displays (30 + 13 + 9 + 8 = 60)

OPTISK MILJØ	Kinetisk	KINETISK: Kinetisk postkort - Bøjeligt papir animation - Motor-skulpturer - Flexagon - Cymatics PHI-BASERET: Kaleidophone - Chromatrope	Kinetiske maskiner/skulpturer, som ikke i sig selv er filmmaskiner. Det gælder første gruppe, hvor objektet selv bevæger sig, og anden gruppe hvor phi-effekten gør, at der opstår en ny figur ud af objektets bevægelse (proto-plastisk-mekanisk miljø).
	Spejle/linser	Anamorfose malerier - [Picassos skulptur] - Spejl-sal - Teleidoskop - Anorthoscope - Hockney linser	Spejle og linser, der bruges til animation - fx.
	Skygger/silhuette	Skygge-teater - Bauhaus-orgel (Schwerdtfeger og Hirschfeldt) - Whitney Stencils Caroline Leaf - Lotte Reiniger
	Projektion	CARTRIDGE: Dias-projektor - Laterna magica - Kinetisk laterna magica - Kircher (farvet glas) SOURCE: Lys orgel - Kaleidoskop - Vortex Concert (planetarium) - Liquid light shows - Kemi-projektion (Nekes) - Overhead-projektor - Jim Davis' skulptur - Camera obscura [episkopisk]
	Laser	LZX cyclop
	Holografi	Hologram - Kinebar (hologram på penge)
	Lyset selv	Fyrværkeri - Plasma globe - Lava lampe
PLAS-MEKAN	Papir	UDEN KASETTE: Thaumatrope - Phenaskitoskop (skive) - Flip book KARTRIDGE: Zoetrope - Praxinoscope (Zoetrope-lign.) - Zoopraxiscope (Muybridge) - Mutoscope (flip-book-holder) - Kinetoscope (Edison)	Papir eller lignende animeres via lukkere eller spejle. Ingen projektion Nogle af dem er "masse-medier", fx. fordi mange kan stå rundt om zoetrope, mens andre er med peephole
	Gitter	UDEN KASETTE: Lenticular cards - Scanimate books KARTRIDGE: Moire pattern kit	Animation via gitter, hvis bevægelse fungerer ligesom en lukker
	Kemisk	UDEN KASETTE: [single film viewer??] Kartridge: Film projector - Filmi viewer - Phantoscope (Jenkins)	Baseret på diaskopisk projektion. Muliggør både foto-kemisk film og fiksering af kemisk proces på film (Brakhage)
ELEKT	Gitter	Elektrisk billede (gitter)	Ligner meget pixels, hvor en photoresistor sender signal videre til lampe i gitter
	Mekanisk TV m/ Nipkow skive	Televisor (Baird - UK) - Television (C. Francis Jenkins - US)	Skandering via Nipkow skive
	CRT vector	YT-oscilloskop - XY-oscilloskop - XYZ-oscilloskop
	CRT raster	Image dissector (Farnsworth) - Iconoscope (Zworykin) - Photomultiplier (Zworykin) Sort/hvid CRT - Farve CRT - Video-projektor CRT	Braun er opfinder af CRT Farnsworth's tv kopieres af Zworykin under ledelse af medie-megul David Sarnoff
DIGIT	Screen	NON-RESPONSIVE: Plasma TV - LED TV - LCD TV - Light pen CRT RESPONSIVE: Tablets - Video arcade	Responsive [tidl. interaktiv] er et spørgsmål om, om display-teknologien selv integrerer en respons-system (sensor), fx. gennem touch, light pen, osv.
	Volumetric	NON-RESPONSIVE: Mixed reality
	Head-mounted	RESPONSIVE: 360* video - Immersive VR

Den nye underinddeling af source-teknologier

OPTISK	Optisk	Teleskop - Mikroskop - Hockney's linser - Camera obscura
	Geometrisk	Perspektiv-gitter (Dürer) - Spirograf
	"Syntese"	Kaleidoskop
	Præ-animation	Wax slicer - Totalization - Whitney cam machine - Pinscreen - Phonotrope - [Etch-a-sketch?] - Tavle (Emile Cohl)	Apparater, der styrer animationen, før de er lavet om til film. Skal således kombineres med andre "kilder".
PLAST	Spektral	Fotoskop - Muybridge (multi-kamera)	Fotoskop dækker både over fotokemisk og kemisk fiksering - hertil kommer, at der jo er abstraherende og syntetiserende funktioner ved kameraet, såvel som at der er overskridelsen af tid/rum
	Eksponering	Long-time exposure - Marey (single-lens) - Slit-scan technique
	Animation	Slow/fast-motion - Stop-motion - Pixellation - Cel-animation system
	Hack	Direct film painting - Chemical gardening (fiksering) - Scratch film
ELEK	Spektral	X-ray (+ CT) - IR-camera - MR scanning - Ultralyd-scan - Electro microscope (Zworykin)	Mange af disse fortsætter også over i det digitale, men er her jo konverteret til digital data
	Transmission	Video feedback - Endoskopi - Video alarm - Video telefon
	Syntese	Atari video music - Beck Direct Video Synthesizer - ANIMAC
DIGI	Optisk	Scanner - Digital kamera - HDR-kamera - 360* kamera (via stitching)
	Geometrisk	3D-scanner
	Analyse?	Motion detection - Motion capture
	Syntese (software)	Blender - Partikel-system